The Code Of Ethics For Habana Care Dental - 1170 Words

Practice Setting: I chose the state of California to create my dental clinic considering I would have a RDHAP degree. I chose to work partially independent since RDHA are able to work unsupervised. I would have my own private practice with a collaborative agreement with a dentist. Patients will be referred to the dentist have further dental care. Code of Ethics: Mission Statement: Habana Care Dental is an institution that strives for the excellence in oral health care. Valuable professionals offer a carefully and individual treatment to all of our patients without any distinction or discrimination. Our priority is to bring back health to our patients and a beautiful smile. Purpose: The purpose of the Code of Ethics for Habana Care Dental is to take ethical and moral decisions for every patient, be always respectful and to offer the best oral treatment care. Moreover to enhance the wellbeing of our patient with the use new technologies and knowledge. Key Concepts: â€Å"Our beliefs, principles, values, and ethics are concepts reflected in the Code. They are the essential elements of our comprehensive and definitive code of ethics, and are interrelated and mutually dependent (Bylaws Code of Ethics for Dental Hygienist 2013 p. 28).† Basic Beliefs: As dedicated dental hygiene clinicians, we follow the basic beliefs mentioned in the ADHA Code of Ethics that mentions the following: †¢ The services we provide contribute to the health and wellbeing of society. †¢ Our education and

Essay on Bracero Program - 692 Words

The Bracero Program The Bracero Program was a temporary contract labor program initiated in 1942 by the United States and Mexico. Designed originally to bring a experienced Mexican agricultural laborers to harvest sugar beets in Stockton, California, but soon spread to most of the United States and to the railroad industry. Although the railroad program ended in 1945, after World War II the agricultural program continued until 1964. Originally, the program was designed to protect the illegal migrant workers against the exploitation by American farmers. However, it was criticized and was viewed as a failure from the humanitarian point of view. Workers in the Bracero Program continued to face struggles with the United States and†¦show more content†¦The United States wielded the power of negotiations with both the Mexican government and the Mexican people. Mexico lost all real bargaining power in the 1950’s. Along with opposition from Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta, the United States det ermined that the program was no longer vital to the American’s; it discontinued the program in 1964. Chavez and Huerta fought the program because it undermined American workers and exploited the migrant workers. Nothing says it more obvious than the account from Walt Edwards (as cited in Dillin, 2006), When we caught illegal aliens on farms and ranches, the farmer or rancher would often call and complain [to officials in El Paso]. And depending on how politically connected they were, there would be political intervention. That is how we got into this mess we are in now. (Dillin, John, 2006) By the end of the program, farm labor unions began to form which eventually led to the abolishment of laws stating it was illegal to organize farm labor. This lead the way to the grape strikes in California and the boycotts in stores, lead by Filipino farm workers. After the first strike several various organizations began to form and led similar movements around the country. Through the 1 960s to the 1980s, Cesar Chavez was a major inspiration to such movements and organizations. One of the most notable protests was when Chavez and the UFW marched from the Coachella Valley to the MexicanShow MoreRelatedThe Bracero Program2140 Words   |  9 PagesThe Bracero Program The extraordinary Mexican migration that delivered millions of immigrants to the United States over the past century is one difficult to ignore. At times the border did not exist, however in more recent times the US has created policies to curb Mexican migration into the states. The relationship the US has with it’s southern neighbor has always been a complicated one. 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Many individuals who were not able to obtainRead More Cesar Chavez: A Great Organizer and Leader Essays2055 Words   |  9 Pagesprevious to 1964 were often unsuccessful because of the Bracero program that was implemented by both the United States and Mexican governments. Farm owners encouraged this program because of labor shortages during wartime, but by the 1950’s the Bracero workers were being used to undercut wages and break strikes by the migrant workers. This caused migrant workers to keep a low profile because anyone who went on strike could be replaced by a Bracero (Tajada-Flores). Cesar Chavez was an advocate of nonviolenceRead MoreIllegal Immigration And The H2a Program1811 Words   |  8 PagesIWA Illegal Immigration and The H2A Program Since the first human civilization, cheap, exploitable labor has been inherent to the economic system. 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As stated by Kelly Lytle Hernandez â€Å"the Bracero Program within the context

Catcher In The Rye Essay Phony Example For Students

Catcher In The Rye Essay Phony In J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye, a young man named Holden Caulfield goes through many misadventures during a three day stay in New York. Holden acts like a careless teenager but the reader gets the feeling that he cared once and wishes that he could again. He has what is almost an obsession with death and is constantly dwelling on the death of his brother Allie, who died of leukemia. He carries Allies baseball mitt with him wherever he goes. He was obviously very disturbed by Allies death as he broke all the windows in his garage with his bare fist with such force that his hand is still messed up. His feelings toward people and relationships tend to lean toward the negative side. He usually expects the worst, part of that seems to be issues he has from the loss of his brother Allie. One of the words he uses often throughout the novel is phony. He values honesty and sincerity, and cant stand people who try to make themselves look better in the eyes of others. He flunks out of every school that his parents send him to including Pency, his current school. He seems to be fairly intelligent and the reader gets a sense that his problems in school are the result of lack of motivation. He isolates himself from those around him and seems to be afraid of change; always assuming it will be for the worst. He seems to have a great deal of love and respect for his sister Phoebe and his dead brother Allie. Holden is a very complex character and is difficult to understand. The story begins on top of a hill overlooking the football stadium at Pency. Holden stands alone on top of the hill watching the game because he didnt want to go down into the stadium with everybody else. This is a good beginning as it shows Holdens tendency to isolate himself from others and his general dislike of people. He has flunked out of Pency, and is not supposed to return after Christmas vacation. Christmas vacation starts in three days but Holden gets fed up with his classmates and school in general and leaves to go to New York and get a hotel room. He doesnt go home because he wants his parents to get the letter informing them of his expulsion before he comes home. He takes a train to New York and when he gets there checks into a crumby hotel. He spends a few days on his own going t various places that he used to frequent including a museum. He really enjoys going to the museum because it never changes and it gives him a feeling of consistency that he finds security in. He visits many of his old acquaintances incuding an old teacher, and Sally Hayes who is a girl he use to date. Part of the time he spends with his sister doing various things such as watching her ride a carousel and just hanging out. It doesnt say anything about the events after he returns to his home, but the three days he spends on his own where obviously a life changing experience, though possibly not for the better. In the end he is placed in some sort of mental institution which is where he is telling the story from.. The first person narration was very important in this novel. It gives the reader more insight into who Holden is and what he feels and thinks. It is a well-written book and very interesting. It was not hard to read but understanding the underlying meaning took some thought. Holden was constantly in a search for love and happiness, which makes it easy for the reader to relate to what he is going through, as we are all searching for happiness. .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea , .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea .postImageUrl , .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea , .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea:hover , .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea:visited , .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea:active { border:0!important; } .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea:active , .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3c9ad0055ee3363f7a3d2fb9bcec58ea:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mass Media Argumentative EssayI thought it was an excellent book and it is definitely good that they make you read it in English (Dont they?), as it is one of the closest things to a life-changing book that I have ever read. It was a bit depressing but there was an underlying sense of better things to come. I would definitely recommend this

Postive influence by a person on my life free essay sample

I got a 90 on this essay it doesnt need any changes unless you want to add more. It is about positive influence by a person on my life By Diamondback For the past eighteen years that I have walked this earth, the most influential person in my life has been my mother. Although the passing of my father deeply affected her, she was still able to persevere and raise me and my siblings to think and act like responsible young men and women. She motivated me to make something more of myself than to sit and become waste on a street corner.My mother played an important role in my life and has always been a positive factor in me growing up. My mother Is my mentor and my friend; these two qualities make her more than a mother. She Is like my guardian angel, always watching every move and keeping me on the right track. We will write a custom essay sample on Postive influence by a person on my life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My mother Is a strong woman and she holds well for a single mother. But, the days that she has to struggle are the days have to stand up and help her by Lifting some of the burdens off her shoulders.My mother has taught me how to not only overcome the death of my father, but also owe to overcome some of the hardships that will affect my life in the future. Being the eldest male in my home, she helps me realize that my brothers look to me for guidance. By emulating her leadership, I often take on some of her roles, such as helping my younger siblings in their schoolwork and leading them away from negatives in their surrounding environment. She sees many great things in me that, at times, are not so obvious to me.She constantly tells me to become something great In life to make her and my dads spirit proud. This encourages me to strive for the best of my abilities. I reflect back to the day of my high school graduation when my mother approached me and told me, Its time. It was weird because it was like a time bomb went off inside of me. I got up and I knew what I had to do. It was time to use the skills she equipped me with and finally become a young man. I wanted to get into college and I wanted to eliminate all my weaknesses and turn them into my strengths, and all of my threats into opportunities.In the future, I see myself taking the reins as patriarch of my family. I believe with my mothers guidance I have the necessary tools to stand against almost anything; she has trained me well. I have overcome deaths, and many more personal struggles. I believe I have what It takes to make It through college because of my angel. My mother has prepared me mentally and spiritually to withstand the trials and tribulations that await me In the future.

The Pardoner As Representative Of The Church Essays -

The Pardoner As Representative Of The Church The Pardoner as a Representative of the Church The Pardoner is a disreputable representative of the church. The ?General Prologue? describes him as being a lying, swindling hypocrite, and he does not hesitate to tell you this himself. The main theme of his sermons, and ?The Pardoner's Tale,? is ?love of money is the root to all evil,? yet his primary motivation in life is money. He dupes his listeners, and gains their acceptance of his authenticity, by displaying fancy religious letters and seals, and occasionally speaking Latin phrases. Once he has the listeners in his grasp, he takes advantage of the poor, na?ve people in his congregation and invites them to make offerings to be pardoned. The Pardoner recites whichever memorized sermon he believes will bring him the greatest number of gifts and offerings. He refers to his job as a game and in it only to win profits for himself. He carries many counterfeit relics, such as a mitten, which is supposed to multiply the grains of its possessor, but in reality it does nothing. He carries numerous similar items with the intent of deceiving people and selling the relics for their false powers. His sermons are full of tricks and schemes with the sole intent of provoking guilt and duping people into giving offerings. For example, he warns the members of his congregation that unless they are burdened by sins too severe for a public confession, they better come forward to place an offering and be pardoned. The Pardoner says his ?exclusive purpose is to win, and not at all to castigate their sin? (243). He does not experience guilt in taking a poor woman's only coin or a starving child's last loaf of bread. He is a liar and a cheat , as well as, a hypocrite. In the ?Pardoner's Tale,? the Pardoner ridicules men for drinking wine and preaches, ?those who drink are making a privy of their throats?(246). Ironically, he is drunk while he slanders those who drink. The Pardoner also preaches on gluttony, gambling, and swearing, yet he is frequently guilty of all three. Also, in the ?Pardoner's Tale,? he addresses the other pilgrims on the journey as if they too are credulous fools on whom he could prey. Ironically, he informs the travelers of his immoral plot, and expects them to be beguiled by his dishonest scam. The Pardoner proves to be a terrible representative of the church by taking advantage of his position as a man of the cloth for personal gain. Chaucer does, however, give a perfect example of how a man of the church is to live. A servant of the Lord should live a life similar to the description of the Parson's life in the ?General Prologue.? The Parson is ?rich in holy thought and work,? as well as, benign, diligent, and patient. Acts 20:35 says, ?it is more blessed to give than to receive,? and the Parson exemplifies that by giving all he can spare to poor parishioners. He travels to pay a call whether ?rain or thunder,? and is a ?perfect Shepherd to his flock.? The Parson is never contemptuous of sinful men and lives his life by example, just as all godly men should do. That is why Chaucer says, ?there was never a better priest? (17). The Pardoner does not follow many of the teachings of the New Testament. Money is the primary obsession in his life and he is never content with what he has. Jesus loathes hypocrisy and the Pardoner is a blatant hypocrite. In Mathew 23:25, Jesus speaks to the teachers of the law and says, ?you hypocrites, you clean the outside of the cup and dish but inside they are full of greed and self-indulgence.? The Pardoner receives well over one hundred marks a year more than the average Pardoner, yet he is still not content and wants more. Hebrews 13:5 says, ?keep your lives free from the love of money and be content with what you have.? The Pardoner claims to be a man of God although he does not live for him. The Fig tree is symbolic of God's children, and the Lord curses hypocrites, such as,

Marines essays

Marines essays Being a Marine is the most challenging and rewarding responsibility a person could face. It is a known fact that the Marines have the toughest and most difficulty training course in the world. Men and women from all over the world try their abilities of strength and courage to see what life can throw at them, and what it is to be a true Marine(Conner). The United States Marine mental and moral qualities have been tested throughout history. Through the long history of the Marine Corps there are examples, both in war and in peace, of such qualities as versatility, trustworthiness, singleness and tenacity of purpose, courage, faithfulness, and self-sacrifice (Marines Welcome). On November 10, 1775, the Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia passed a resolution stating that "two Battalions of Marines be raised" for service as landing forces with the fleet. This resolution, established the Continental Marines and marked the birth date of the United States Marine Corps. Serving on land and at sea, these first Marines distinguished themselves in a number of important operations, including their first amphibious raid into the Bahamas in March 1776, under the command of Captain (later Major) Samuel Nicholas. Nicholas, the first commissioned officer in the Continental Marines, remained the senior Marine officer throughout the American Revolution and is considered to be the first Marine Commandant. The Treaty of Paris in April 1783 brought an end to the Revolutionary War and as the last of the Navy's ships were sold, the Continental Navy and Marines went out of existence. Following the Revolutionary War and the formal re-establishment of the Marine Corps on 11 July 1798, Marines saw action in the quasi-war with France, landed in Santo Domingo, and took part in many operations against the Barbary pirates along the "Shores of Tripoli". Marines participated in numerous naval operations during the War of 1812, as well as partic...

Journal Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal - Article Example He interrupts the reader’s train of thought unexpectedly and suggests the exact opposite of what they might be thinking. For example, he mentions that a few empty shampoo bottles fall in the tub that have been accumulated over time. The reader expects him to request to throw them away; on the contrary, he instructs them to put them back in order. Similarly, the instructions regarding mending the shower curtain and calling for help when none of his techniques work is hilarious. Thus Frazier points to an everyday incident which rather proves to be quirky and troublesome in an amusing way. Journal Writing This article reminds me of something really annoying, particularly when one is in a rush. Purses, wallets, hand bags and all other types of bags sometimes become a nuisance, if anything goes wrong with the straps, or zippers, or the safety locks. Even the inside pockets of bags and purses are either so tiny or so huge that our belongings get either stuck or lost, respectively. L ooking for a bunch of keys, or a receipt/ token/ ticket/ cash can become a hassled task. Fumbling for our belongings in the bags/ purses that we carry everyday is rather an annoying thing; but when looked at in retrospection, we might laugh at such incidents. Once I had to return a scarf to the sales girl in which I had found a defect.

Chinese art - From the Foundation-fount of Painting Essay

Chinese art - From the Foundation-fount of Painting - Essay Example The essay "Chinese art - From the Foundation-fount of Painting" discovers Chinese philosophy of art from the foundation fount of painting. Chinese painters were a conservative bunch. They did not see the relevance of exploring other themes aside from their culture until the Europeans came to their land. However, this does not mean that the Chinese art of painting did not evolve at all. Initially, the painters were tied to making frescoes on temple and palace walls. The frescoes’ themes were mostly religious in temples while in palaces, the paintings were meant to celebrate the ruling family at that time. From frescoes, painting shifted to silk surfaces and paper. Artists relied on their own inspiration and pleasures to come up with the paintings. Painters concentrated on the beauty of landscapes and also strived to keep the memory of prominent leaders and individuals from disappearing once their eras came to a close. From literati paintings that concentrated on landscapes, hum ans and physical things, the craft shifted to formless beings and creatures. The painters became conscious of the spiritual world and they tried to enjoin the visible and invisible world through their paintings. At this point, art was acknowledged as a power to explore both the physical and spiritual world. They believed that physical creatures depended on these formless creatures for survival. Quoting from the text: what has form must rest on the without form. This means that physical life is a continuation.

President Reagan’s Diplomacy Essay Example for Free

President Reagan’s Diplomacy Essay Ronald Reagan is ranked highly as amongst the greatest presidents the United States has ever seen. His achievements silenced critics who had earlier decried his lack of administrative experience during the race to the Whitehouse. His prowess and masterly of effective foreign policy has left scholars and analysts baffled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ronald Reagan was born in 1911 and served as the president of the United States in a delicate period between 1981 and 1989. It is termed as a rather delicate period as it was the climax of the cold war. During this period too, the public’s confidence in the presidency and its ability to unify and inspire Americans had been shattered by the Richard Nixon’s tenure in office. Ronald Reagan came on to the public limelight by capturing the attention of the media as a Hollywood star. He emerged from the entertainment industry having cut for himself an insurmountable personal profile. His popularity was from the conservative wing that saw him as representing conservative traditional values. His leadership in the workers unions and rather strong sentiments against communism plunged him into politics. His charisma played well with the public who were inspired by his calls for a free enterprise system. He ran for governor in 1966 winning with a landslide. He ran for presidential nomination in 1968 on a Republican ticket but lost, he also lost to Gerald Ford in 1976. He successfully ran for president in 1980, be coming the 40th president of the United States. His tenure in office had notable achievements in both foreign and domestic policies, though still riddled with controversies and scandals; the hall mark of his presidency was his prowess in diplomacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   President Ronald Reagan was an avowed anti communist, his rhetoric’s and campaigns against communism had led to the rise in his popularity with people seeing him a president who would restore a sense of patriotism and reassert the position of the United States in the global scene. By the time be assumed office dà ©tente was in place. Reagan exhibited rather a radical shift from his predecessors; his views on dà ©tente and the reigning foreign policy of isolationism and appeasement were in the negative. He had an inner drive to cripple communism on the mere ground that it was repressive and immoral. His diplomacy was driven by the need to achieve this (John P. D., 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The hallmark of Reagan diplomacy was in thawing the relationship with the Soviet Union through his close interaction with the then General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. This is rather ironic considering Reagan was committed to undermining the Soviets interests and influence in the world. His denouncement of dà ©tente policy was seen as having aggravated the already sour relations with the Soviet, this however was not to be as the end would justify him. Shifting form dà ©tente, Reagan immediately ordered a massive military build up and running any stalled military program that would have demonstrated the undeniable military might of the United States; it is the Strategic Defense Initiative Program (SDI) that would remain controversial and box the Soviet Union to a corner readying it for open diplomacy. The Strategic Defense Initiate was a controversial project that was supposed to step up the United States military defense in its ability to defend itself against any ground or space missile attacks. The program was dubbed â€Å"Star Wars† and was led by Reagan’s belief that with such a program in place the United States would fend it self off any nuclear attacks. Russia was quite apprehensive of this program and these concerns were certainty voiced by the then Russian leader Yuri Andropov.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before the coming of Mikhail Gorbachev into power President Reagan’s attitude to the USSR was rather lacking in any hint of diplomacy. His policy towards USSR and its cahoots was one of open hostility and filled with imperialistic tendencies. Many Analysts referred to him as a warmonger. He had rather harsh words for USSR referring to it as an evil empire. A shift in policy and attitude was however witnessed as the USSR began also to shift towards the ideas of free market under Gorbachev, moves that would bring the cold war to a close. In achieving this, Reagan did not apply diplomacy solely; rather it was a multifaceted approach that included even arms building. Reagan was optimistic that the Soviet Union would not match the United States in an all out arms race. True to his words, the economic crisis that later faced USSR impeded on its ability to compete in the race. USSR was going through a tough time in its economic backyard as a result of both its own undoing and the overbearing influence of the United States (Paul Kengor, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One outstanding fact that comes up is the willingness of Ronald Reagan to meet with the leader of an enemy faction. Many had scoffed at such as an idea but Reagan was particularly interested in meeting Gorbachev, who was coming up as more accommodating to the western values than his predecessors. He was also younger than the earlier leaders and had initiated reforms towards free enterprise to cope with the economic crisis facing the nation. Reagan’s strategy had been to strengthen the military so that he could have an elevated position in the diplomatic talks (Michael S., Gale W., and Lila F., 1987)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His skills emerge clearly as the talks were not held during the usual summit sessions only but also after. According to Edwin Meese, an attorney general during Reagan’s tenure, Reagan waited to â€Å"establish a personal relationship and to break what he viewed as the barriers of mistrust that divided our countries.† (http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/ed061404c.cfm) When finally Reagan and Gorbachev met, a cordial relationship was founded and would blossom signifying the start of the end of the cold war and history took a new shape. The first meeting between the two leaders came in November 1985, in Geneva; it was later to be followed by a series of meetings in Washington and Moscow. In these meetings, these two most powerful leaders then did not exhibit arrogance and bitterness rather they displayed tact and skills. What he was able to achieve silenced critics. It is Margaret Thatcher who puts his achievements in diplomacy more accurately when she said that Reagan â€Å"won the cold war without firing a shot† (LaFeber, Walter, 2002)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1987 for example, President Reagan and Gorbachev were able to negotiate their way to the destruction of all intermediate range nuclear missiles as well as agreeing on the need for inspections.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The whole diplomatic turnaround of President Ronald Reagan is though full of contradictions. He came into office on a bedrock of demonization of communism having referred to it as an â€Å"evil empire† discouraging any diplomatic ties between the two nations, as Michael s. et al. (1987) notes his administration could not offer to â€Å"review the official cultural exchange programs, denied visa to many would be Soviet visitors and increased restrictions on the movement and activities of the Soviets it did allow to visit.† This changed however in 1985 (Matlock, Jack, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One key fact that emerges in the analysis of Reagans diplomatic skills is how he had a well mapped out strategy of combining negotiations with military strength. The congress stepped up military spending; this though could not happen after 1984 as congress declined further increases halting the military buildup initiatives. Negotiations with the soviets after that become quite inevitable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reagans diplomatic skills stemmed from his earlier positions he held. He had refined his charismatic skills as an entertainer and media personality. He was also the president of the Screen Actors’ Guild and had toned up his negotiating skills especially as he sought to strike better deals for those he represented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Carnes Lord and Helle C. (2007) in their article Public Diplomacy and the Cold War: Lessons Learnt, notes how the public diplomacy was re-invigorated under the presidency of Ronald Reagan. Prior to Reagan’s regime, few presidents had perfected the institutionalization of public diplomacy as an effective tool of winning the cold war. Canes and Helle note that â€Å"reagan placed renewed emphasis on psychological operations and public diplomacy† in tandem with his military build up. Reagan gave impetus to the public diplomacy with an intention of publicizing the ideological flaws of the Soviet Union. Skeptics were expecting little from this strategy but it is hailed for having hastened the end of cold war. Public diplomacy according to these two scholars is the multifaceted approach of promoting a countries ideals and superior attitudes to both within its citizenry and across the borders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to personal diplomacy, Ronald Reagan had perfected the art of public diplomacy having brought together a think tank comprising of competent propagandists and foreign policy makers. He combined aptly both propaganda and diplomacy hoping to win public and international support. Reagan formed what came to be known as â€Å"project truth† and â€Å"project democracy†. This was a combination of both domestic and international policies aimed at winning the support of the citizen at the domestic level as well as at the international front.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the fact that Ronald reagan is hailed for having brought diplomacy to a new level by agreeing earlier in his governor days to meet with the USSR leaders, his administration was not without a number of diplomatic breaches and scandals that would taint his established image. For example he failed to initiate diplomacy in negotiating with the air controller workers in 1968 instead he relieved them of their duties. Reagan went against his political advisors opinion and sacked all the striking workers presenting to the public another face of his administration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His diplomatic skills also failed to see him wriggle his way out of the Iran Contra Affair. Iran Contra Affair is a scandal that involved top level government officials who oversaw the selling of weapons with an intention of funding insurgents. The International Court of Justice highly criticized Reagan’s administration for participating in the covert operations. Reagan pleaded ignorance claiming that the scandal was going on without his consent. A commission was set up to investigate the ongoing. They could not find a direct link to Reagan’s involvement, but he was highly criticized for his hands off style of staff management. He was also criticized for his handling of the affairs and of his intention to attack other countries driven by his sheer hate for communism. The Iran-Contra Affair became the biggest scandal of the 1980s. This scandal would lead to a number of his high profile staff being charged and convicted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   President Ronald Reagan had a special interest in the countries Latin Central America not only due to its proximity but also due to the encroachment of communism in the region. This was the reason the Iran Contra Affairs scandal got there in the first place. Reagan’s representatives claimed that the help accorded to the insurgents was to stop the flow of weapons to the wrong hands in Nicaragua. The handling of the Iran Contra Affair not only put Reagan on a bad spotlight but also his diplomacy team. His public diplomacy efforts were seen as aiming at misrepresenting information especially in regard to the Iran Contra Affair, with an intention of influencing the opinion of the public. Reporters and congress members were in constant attack from his diplomacy team. Carla Binion (1990) notes this team â€Å"did not limit their attacks to out of step members of congress, they also attacked journalists who wrote anti contra stories†   This however is how President Reagan worked, he believed in diplomacy and strength. The diplomacy that he helped built stands up to today and has helped the United States stand where it is today. His diplomatic strategies in Latin America and central Europe have been consistently followed almost three decades later.   His regime though was largely criticized for selective application of diplomacy. His administration infringed on the sovereign rights of nations especially in the third world especially those with despotic leaders and leaning towards the east. His diplomatic tact was not seen when it came to the small and non strategic states. A bit of diplomacy was seen in some of the Latin American countries though most of them tasted the wrath of the United States military which assisted topple some of third world regimes. In spite of these flaws in his administration, his charisma and negotiating skills helped elevate his profile compared to that of those in power during the cold war era, the likes of Jimmy carter and Lyndon Johnson. When Ronald Reagan won the presidential elections in the early 1980s not many would have thought he would make great strides in both domestic and foreign policy. By the time his tenure came into completion, he had made a name for himself mostly due to his prowess in both personal and public diplomacy. He came to power at the height of cold war. His first move was to make it clear that his administration would not pursue Dà ©tente and isolationism rather it would go on a military build up. With such a policy in place, the US relations with USSR became more strained. His diplomatic skills would be demonstrated when he was able to negotiate the scaling down of nuclear weapons and missiles in the historic summit meeting with the then USSR leader Mikhail Gorbachev. These negotiations would put an end to a war that had been ranging on for years highlighting his diplomatic skills to the world.   References Paul Kengor, 2006. The Crusader: Ronald Reagan and the Fall of Communism. New York: Regan Books, an imprint of HarperCollins publishers. John Patrick Diggings, 2007. Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, and the Making of History (New York: W.W. Norton Company. Michael Shuman, Gale Warner, and Lila Forest, 1987. Citizen diplomacy: what it is, how it began, and where he it is going. Retrieved on 13/ 04/ 2007 from http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC15/Shuman.htm Carnes Lord and Helle C. 2007. Public Diplomacy and the Cold War: Lessons Learnt. HarperCollins publishers Carla Binion. George H. W. Bushs many lies. Retrieved on 13/ 04/ 2007 from http://www.onlinejournal.com/archive/01-20-00_Binion-Pt_4.pdf. LaFeber, Walter, 2002. America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1971. New York: Wiley. Matlock, Jack, 2004. Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended. New York: Random House. Edwin Mesee, June 2004. The Personal Diplomacy of Reagan. Heritage foundation. Retrieved on 13/ 04/ 2007 from http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/ed061404c.cfm

Continuing Professional Development To Maintain Knowledge And Understanding Nursing Essay

Continuing Professional Development To Maintain Knowledge And Understanding Nursing Essay In a changing world, competence becomes more than just a level of knowledge, skills and behaviours used to improve performance. In order to achieve continuous competence, learning and development must be continued. Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is incredibly important in the health care system as rules, ideas and values are being assessed and broadened, therefore the professionals should maintain the knowledge and understanding of this, in order to continue competence. The Oxford Dictionary defines competence as the ability to do something successfully or efficiently. By my understanding, professional competency is a persons values, attitudes, habits, skills and practices that are based on a theory-guided, evidenced-based discipline. To be competent is to have understanding, confidence and a level of knowledge based within a competency standard. Competencies are not only defined by a persons ability to fulfil their duties as a care giver but to have a greater understanding of every aspect that makes a nurse. A competent nurse has healthy partnerships with both patients and colleagues by understanding what makes a safe practice, showing independence, efficient time management skills, demonstrating clinical skills, italicising resources available, understanding the broad health care system and showing work ethics. Competency standards are based on the boundaries of practice, the standards set by the nurse, using a holistic approach, expectations set by the nurse, the practice and the national standard and also the nurses consistency. Standards are used as framework for testing competency. The Australian Nursing and Midwife Council (ANMC) have a National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse. Each of these standards complies with a level of competency. With the standards evolving with the change of community this shows why continuing professional development is important. The Australian Nursing and Midwife Council have decided these standards into domains. Professional practice, critical thinking and analysis, provision and coordination of care and collaborative and therapeutic practice. (ANMC, 2005) Professional practice is in relation to the professional, legal and ethical responsibilities. This includes basic knowledge of the legislation affecting nursing, health care and protecting individuals and group rights. (ANMC, 2005) This includes practicing in accordance with relevant legislation and common law, Fulfilling the duty of care and working within an ethical nursing framework. (ANMC, 2005) Critical thinking and analysis relates to professional development and evidence and research for practice in the health care system. This includes reflection on practice, feelings, beliefs and the consequences of individuals and groups. (ANMC, 2005) Provision and coordination of care is exactly that, as well as the assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation of care. (ANMC, 2005) Collaborative and therapeutic practice is the establishing, sustaining and concluding professional relationships with individuals and groups. This also includes the nurses competencies within an interdisciplinary health care team. (ANMC, 2005) In achieving competence a health care professional must as comply with a code of Ethics. This code can be found on The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council website. This code relates to ethics and morality used in within the standards of health care. This Code outlines the nursing professions commitment to respect, promote, protect and uphold the fundamental rights of people who are both the recipients and providers of nursing and health care. (ANMC, 2005) The purpose of this code of ethics is for nurses in Australia to be able to identify the ethical standards and values in which have been incorporated within the nursing guidelines and standards of conduct. This code also helps guide ethical decision making and practice. There are eight key points within the code of ethics these are; 1. Nurses value quality nursing care for all people. 2. Nurses value respect and kindness for self and others. 3. Nurses value the diversity of people. 4. Nurses value access to quality nursing and health care for all people. 5. Nurses value informed decision making. 6. Nurses value a culture of safety in nursing and health care. 7. Nurses value ethical management of information. 8. Nurses value a socially, economically and ecologically sustainable environment promoting health and wellbeing. (ANMC, 2005) The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) revised the English language requirements in August 2010 which have been published on the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australias website. Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia are responsible for all Nursing applications in Australia, and have made Continuing Professional Development mandatory. Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is essential for professionals to maintain, improve and broaden their knowledge and skills and develop their personal qualities required for the ever-changing field of health care. Continuing Professional Development is important for the enhancement of skills both professionally and personally. This is a career long process and it is essential as the resources grow so must the professionals knowledge. Continuing Professional Development is a design that helps promote self-learning and address any inadequacies associated with previous learning. (Justin Konkol, n.d) The purpose of Continuing Professional Development is extensive but some of the main reasons are to maintain knowledge and skills provide evidence of competency, maintain competency and adequacy. Although a boundary on how competency and Continuing Professional Development are reviewed could come down to an individuals value judgements or expert opinion, but who is to say who is rig ht and who is wrong? There is also an opportunity for independent assessment. In the past it has been a requirement of health care professionals to continue education; Continuing Professional Development is an improved replacement structure of continuation of education (CE). Competence and Continuing Professional Development are very closely linked, as you need to Continue Professional Development to continue competence. It is important that a health care professional is kept up to date in order to maintain competency. Continuing Professional Development is a key indicator of continuing competence within a practice. Competence is the ability to perform duties accurately, make correct judgments, and interact appropriately with patients and colleagues. Professional competence is characterized by good problem-solving and decision-making abilities, a strong knowledge base, and the ability to apply knowledge and experience to diverse patient care situations. (Health-Syst Pharm, 2001) CPD ensures that professions remain up to date in a changing world and that the reputation of the profession is enhanced, encouraging individuals to aspire to improve performance and ensure they are committed to learning and it is an integral part of their work. (Whittaker, 1992). This is a prime example of a professional expert explaining why continuing professional development is important. The world can not be stopped from changing, and our professionals must keep up with the standards in order to continue competency. Continuing Professional Development is broken up into five main principles. These include Reflecting on current skills and knowledge and identifying personal and organizational areas that may need improvement within a practice. Individually the professional should devise a personal plan for future strategies that will help in the identified learning and developmental needs. Broken down into five simple steps Continuing Professional Development is best achieved by: Step one: Identifying current competencies. Step two: Determine the desired and the current levels of performance. Step three: Identify the learning and development needs. Step four: Plan and action, in other words, fill the gaps. Step five: Evaluate and demonstrate. There are many barriers that stop professionals from carrying out Continuation Professional Development. Time, cost, and access are the most frequent of these barriers. Finding time between work life and home life is confronting enough, let alone balancing another aspect of furthering education. Professionals with poor time-management skills will find time as the biggest barrier. The cost of perusing Continuing Professional Development can be a costly one not only for an individual but also an organisation. For smaller profit organisations they may not have the funds to support an individual professional to further their education and therefore the cost falls back onto the individual. Also people from smaller districts may not have the facilities or the facilitators required to fulfil this continuation of learning forcing them to travel a distance which again brings in factors such as time and costs. There are also personal factors that become barriers such as differences in career stage, preferred learning style and individual ambition. For a professional that is high up in the heath care hierarchy they may feel that there is nothing left for them to expand on and dont see the reasoning behind them further their education. Also every individual has a different way they prefer to learn. Unfortunately when in a learning setting not all of these approaches can be facilitated for. For someone who is comfortable in their current position, participating in Continuing Professional Development may not be ideal for them, where as for a professional that is highly ambitious participating in Continuing Professional Development is absolutely ideal for them. Barriers for Continuing Professional Development come down to the professional individual and their drive and desire to continue their learning. As Continuing Professional Development is very much a self-learning process, there is a dist inct difference in those who are competent and participate in Continuing their Professional Development and those whose competency slips when furthering their education is not perused. In conclusion, in order to achieve continuous competence professionals need to engage in Continuing Professional Development. This is crucial for a successful heath care system and a successful practice. As research continues to grow so must the professionals knowledge, values, attitudes and behaviours. Rules and ideas continue to change and evolve and as a health care professional continuing professional development help the professional to evolve with them. The world will always continue to expand, change and evolve around us and our health care professionals must expand, change and evolve with it.

Montana 1948 and the Abuse of Power Essay

In the novel â€Å"Montana 1948† you see a common issue that is around still in our everyday lives. This issue is the abuse of power and how it leads to consequences that sometimes might be devastating. You see this in our everyday lives with the Government and also many times in are families across the nation. In the novel there are many examples of this in the Hayden family. Wes, Frank and their father all are very powerful due to their back ground. Wes Hayden who is the father of David (The Narrator) is the second generation of Hayden’s to be a Sheriff uses his power for good things; Frank Hayden who is the brother of Wes is a war hero uses his power for bad things such as rape, killing and lying; and finally you have Julian Hayden who is the father of Wes and Frank. Some would say he used his power to benefit his family, but in reality he protected Frank with his power to let the crimes add up. Julian Hayden is where the abuse of power effect many people’s li ves and ends up hurting his own family in the long run. Grandpa Hayden’s corruption and abuse of power should be blamed for the tragedies. You first find this out when David explains, â€Å"He wanted, he needed, power †¦ He was a dominating man who drew sustenance and strength from controlling others.† (Watson 20). Also when David visited Len after Marie’s death, Len talked to him about being a sheriff in Montana. He told David, â€Å"You know what your granddad said it means to be a peace officer in Montana? It means knowing when to look and when to look away.†(Watson 93). Len saying this suggests that to Julian, being the sheriff does not mean keeping justice and doing the right thing; instead it brings power and the right to hide the truth. Grandpa Hayden tolerated Frank for molesting Indian girls and used his powers to cover up for him. This gave Frank the ability to continue to sexually assault girls without being punished. This also led to murder and in Frank committing suicide, Wes having to leave town and Julian losing both of his sons. From this, we can see that corruption and  power are causes of the tragedy. This issue is very important because even in today’s society you see events like this happen all the time. Some cases are even more severe because it’s at a much larger scale where it affects a whole country sometimes even makes history. For example with our government today we are continuously learning things the government tries and hide things from the citizens. Some of these things include warrantless wire tapping, kidnapping and illegal detention and other government secrecies that abuses power and also violates our rights as citizens of the Unites States. This creates distrust in the government and chaos among the citizens. Celebrities, sports stars and wealthy people are good examples of showing how the abuse of power is used in our modern day society. For example Ray Rice (Running Back from the Baltimore Ravens) violently assaulted his Fiancà ©e and completely knocked her out unconscious. From this incident there should be some consequences to help him learn his lesson. Instead our judicial system allows wealthy people to keep doing these horrible crimes and only being assessed a bail fee. This demonstrates how corrupt and how the abuse of power is still very existent in not only government but also in people lives still today. Abuse of power is clearly demonstrated in the novel â€Å"Montana 1948†. This book just displays how people all around the world have been dealing with the same problem for quite a while. Abuse of power is problematic because the consequences for this issue are devastating and sometimes fatal. This is shown in â€Å"Montana 1948† and also in our everyday lives. This issue will never be fixed if Power is given to people who can’t handle it; history will keep repeating itself.

Microenvironment in australia

First of all we would have to define microenvironment as those properties over which organizations have control or elements which they have that enables them gain information on their marketing operations. This is to say that, information gotten can be used to provide an improved customer service because the purpose of this study is to make profits through customer satisfaction. Manipulations are made in ways to achieve the objective of the organization. In other words, we can say that micro environment provides the force with which organizations act towards customer satisfaction; any change in any of these forces would lead to the re-studying of the marketplace. Nevertheless, the issue behind this study is to check how it affects retailing in the food industry in Australia and it is one of the factors that are considered when it comes to food retailing. HOW MICROENVIRONMENT IN AUSTRALIA AFFECTS FOOD RETAILILNG Food retailing in Australia is a fast growing one and it is no doubt that industries are seeking better way to meet up with customer satisfaction. This is the driving force behind the carrying out of consumer research. Microenvironment in Australia has affected food retailing to a great state. Competition: One of the effects is that it made the industry to be very competitive. Organizations are doing everything in their power to make sure that they stay in touch with their customers. As the competition increases, there are more advantages to the customers. Consumer Voice: It has created room where customers could provide feedback on a particular product or company. This study, gives organization ideas on how to restructure their services towards customers. Quality Output: Microenvironment in Australia has made organizations to increase the quality of output being rendered to consumers. Consumers are able to have access to quality products. Provision of Threat Analysis: Microenvironment also provides organizations possible threats in the market place that would reduce their profit or rate at which consumers purchasing their products. One of those threats is threats that could come from products that consumers can comfortably use as a substitute to their products. Checking threats that could also come from rival organizations and threat. This study also enables the study of the bargaining power of both suppliers and consumers. Mode of Distribution: Microenvironment has also provided a better form of distribution. Giving a better idea of the networks to be followed in other to make sure that products reach the final customer. The modes of distributive market place change from time to time but in a very slow way. Therefore the inability of organization to recognize these changing factors would affect their mode of distribution. MACROENVIRONMENT IN AUSTRALIA Coming to macro environment, we would provide a definition so as to give us a better understanding of the topic. Another word that can be best used to define macro environment is environmental scanning and environmental scanning can be said to be the concept of a business management use by business organizations to gather in formations in other to have a better competitive advantage. There is a need for organizations to gather information from environmental canning by hanging the plans and strategies for the aim of gaining advantage. Scanning can be carried out in different modes and reason. There could be a requirement for market study due to arising emergency cases. Studies could also be done on a regular base, perhaps once a year and also on a continuous basis. The results gotten from this studies allow the organization to act quickly, be the first to take action before their competitors recognize an opportunity and also respond to any environmental threats. Macro environment also has to do with wider studies of factors of organization and how it affects their day-to-day operation. These factors are: The political and legal environment: For some food retailing, political and legal concerns are put in mind by companies. Political issues and legal issues arising in Australia affect the mode of food retailing. The policies made by the government on imports on raw materials also affect the price of some food products. The economic environment: the issues behind economic factors are of great concerns to firm because it states the price of food products. When the economic status of a community is low, it reduces the purchasing power. That is why the economic factors is likely related and dependent on political and legal factors. The socio-cultural environment: This is a very dynamic part of study in macro environment because it has to do with changing properties of a consumer. These changes can be taste, priorities and purchasing behavior. Knowing the particular type of products need by customers on a social period and needs according to beliefs and cultural practices. The technological environment: Technological factor put into the products determines the mode of retail. These areas could be technology for production and logistics. The affects food retailing. RELATION BETWEEN 4Ps AND FOOD RETAILING First of all we would have to look into organizational marketing. There to main types of marketing and there are known as: Strategic marketing: This is the attempts made by organization on how   the level of competition in the market place.this is with the aims at generating a competitive advantage relative to its competitors. Operational marketing: This is the strategy that deals with the satisfaction of customers and increasing the value gotten from them, as well as to satisfy the customer with prompt services and meeting the customer expectations. It is in the area that we hve to talk about the 4Ps. 4Ps in the world of marketing is stands for: Product: This is the area of marketing that deals with the type of products and how it relates and benefits the intending consumers, checking if it meets up with their expectation and satisfaction. This area carries properties like guaranties and warranties and after sales support. The area of products says a lot on food retailing because it states the particular kind of products that would be provided for the consumers. It states the products that are higher in demand and aids organizations produce these substitute products with better properties in other to compete with organizations are also in the same market place. Price: This is where we talk about setting a price for the product and also not forgetting about discounts. This usually comes classified in monetary forms and any other modes that can be used in exchanging good and services. Pricing a product is also another factor that goes with food retailing. This tells the price that is both comfortable for both the company and the consumer to purchase and own the products. Promotion: These are the steps taken to promote products, brand or company. Possible ways could be through advertising of the product, sales promotion, and creating publicity on the product, brand or company, personal selling or branding. Promotion increases the awareness of products to consumers. It makes them to understand the type of products and its contents and qualities. It also creates the awareness of it availability and products location. So I believe that this part of the 4Ps has a lot to do with food retailing. Placement: This area determines how a product gets to the final consumers. In other words, we are talking about distribution, place the product here it could be of a better reach to the customer and a place where it would bring about revenue to the organization. Placement does a lot to food retailing by stating various factors that leads to the success of the products sale. It dictates the level of penetration in the market, stating how many stores that have the products in them. It also gives types of outlets and channels to use. It gives an idea on the level of competition in the marketplace and also aids the geographical factors. These 4Ps have a lot to do when it comes to food retailing. This is because there alter the rate and mode in which food retailing takes. CONLUSION In conclusion of this whole issue, they is a great level of competition in the food industry marketplace and companies are applying effort to gain a competitive advantages over other competitors. Ways, which are used, are studies carried out through microenvironment and macro environment. These studies gives them better ideas on how to stay in contact with their customers and increase the rate of purchase from them. Microenvironment, deals with the issue of consumer studies and development of better ways to increase the rate of service and satisfaction rendered to them in the food industry. Macro environment deals with wider studies on higher factors that affect food retailing. Such factors are the political and legal environment, the economic environment, the socio-cultural environment and, the technological environment. The study of theses factors and environment contributes to the direction which food retailing follows. REFERENCES Brandenburger, A.M. and Nalebuff, B.J. (1995), â€Å"The Right Game: Use Game Theory to Shape Strategy†, Harvard Business Review, Jul-Aug, pp.57-71 Coyne, K.P. and Sujit Balakrishnan (1996), â€Å"Bringing discipline to strategy†, The McKinsey Quarterly, No.4 Grant, R.M. (2005), â€Å"Contemporary Strategy Analysis†, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford (U.K.), 2005 Porter, M.E. (1979) â€Å"How competitive forces shape strategy†, Harvard Business Review, March/April 1979. Porter, M.E. (1980) â€Å"Competitive Strategy†, The Free Press, New York, 1980. Porter, M.E. (1985) â€Å"Competitive Advantage†, The Free Press, New York, 1985. Hunger, J. David & Wheelen, Thomas L. (2003) â€Å"Essentials of Strategic Management†. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.   

Free Essays on How To Report

Tips for making a good report Topic The topics of the reports are expected to be related to a current newsworthy issue in a business publication, newspaper, or company newsletter and emphasis should be placed on the implications for business managers. However, if you have an interesting issue, especially about your work experience or current work, it can be a good topic. In short, choose whatever you want to analyze, but the topic should be so interesting that you may want to go further into it. Additionally, it is not necessary that the issue is a problematic or negative thing. Good things also can be the issue. For example, the success of Dell computer is a good topic for you to analyze. Providing factual Information In the beginning part, you may want to provide the factual information about the issue. For example, if you choose a company issue, then you can provide information about the company and the current situation it copes with. In this part, you are expected to describe the issue based on facts rather than your imagination. Through this part, you can identify why this issue is important and interesting. Analysis Linking your issue to topics either previously covered in class or in the textbook is expected. SWOT analysis about the issue SHOULD be included. And then, you can apply other analytical tools to understand or solve the issue. When you are using the analytical tools, an evaluative statement about the issue should be offered and supported. For example, in SWOT analysis, you would not get good points if you just write â€Å"there is high competition† for threats the company faces with. You are expected to provide more to support why the company is in high competition. Developing Alternatives Based on SWOT analysis, now you can suggest your ideas to solve a company’s problem or intensify its strengths. Here, the supportive analysis should be included to make it reasonable. Additionally, this part is the key ... Free Essays on How To Report Free Essays on How To Report Tips for making a good report Topic The topics of the reports are expected to be related to a current newsworthy issue in a business publication, newspaper, or company newsletter and emphasis should be placed on the implications for business managers. However, if you have an interesting issue, especially about your work experience or current work, it can be a good topic. In short, choose whatever you want to analyze, but the topic should be so interesting that you may want to go further into it. Additionally, it is not necessary that the issue is a problematic or negative thing. Good things also can be the issue. For example, the success of Dell computer is a good topic for you to analyze. Providing factual Information In the beginning part, you may want to provide the factual information about the issue. For example, if you choose a company issue, then you can provide information about the company and the current situation it copes with. In this part, you are expected to describe the issue based on facts rather than your imagination. Through this part, you can identify why this issue is important and interesting. Analysis Linking your issue to topics either previously covered in class or in the textbook is expected. SWOT analysis about the issue SHOULD be included. And then, you can apply other analytical tools to understand or solve the issue. When you are using the analytical tools, an evaluative statement about the issue should be offered and supported. For example, in SWOT analysis, you would not get good points if you just write â€Å"there is high competition† for threats the company faces with. You are expected to provide more to support why the company is in high competition. Developing Alternatives Based on SWOT analysis, now you can suggest your ideas to solve a company’s problem or intensify its strengths. Here, the supportive analysis should be included to make it reasonable. Additionally, this part is the key ...

Ethics and Politics Essays

Ethics and Politics Essays Ethics and Politics Essay Ethics and Politics Essay the omnipresent roles and missions debate), and thus make the job of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs more challenging.In the government as a whole, agencies compete for significance in the national/international picture, because significance means public approval and that means resources. (The two dominant political parties also attempt to present the American public with different views of what is significant. ) Because of scarce resources and enduring differences, conflict is central to organizational dynamics and power is the most important resource. Conflict is more likely in under-bounded systems (less regulation and control). In an over-bounded system with power concentrated at the top (e. g. pre-Glasnost Russia), politics remains, but underground. Jefferies makes the point that organizations play the political game within the broader governmental context, but those individuals also play politics within organizations. So both influences are at work. And power is key in both c ases, because it confers the ability both to allocate resources- in itself a way to increase power-and to consolidate power by bringing others with similar goals and objectives into the inner decision making core. Organizational goals and decisions emerge from bargaining, negotiating, and jockeying for position among members of different coalitions.Bolman and Deal offer the space shuttle program as an example of a strategic effort backed by a complex coalition consisting of NASA, contractors, Congress, the White House, the military, the media, and even portions of the public. The difficulty in the Challenger disaster was that different members of the coalition were in disagreement about how to balance technical and political concerns. These became increasingly salient as the enormously expensive shuttle program encountered one delay after another for safety-related technical reasons.At the time of the Challenger shuttle disaster, both Thiokol and NASA were under increasing pressure to produce on schedule at programmed cost. The decision to launch on that fateful day was made when political forces overcame technical considerations. But, of course, this only illustrates the decision makers difficulty in weighing one kind of consideration against another-subjective assessment of constituency demands versus rational data that may nonetheless lack substantiated cause-and-effect relationships with downside outcomes-under conditions of great time pressure.The five propositions of the political frame do not attribute organizational politics to negative, dysfunctional or aggrandizing behavior. They assert that organization diversity, interdependence, resource scarcity, and power dynamics will inevitably generate political forces, regardless of the players. Organizational politics cannot be eliminated or fantasized away. Leaders, however, with a healthy power motive can learn to understand and manage political processes. POWER AS A MOTIVE Power is attractive because it confers the ability to influence decisions, about who gets what resources, what goals are pursued, what philosophy the organization adopts, what actions are taken, who succeeds and who fails. Power also gives a sense of control over outcomes, and may in fact convey such enhanced control. Particularly as decision issues become more complex and outcomes become more uncertain, power becomes more attractive as a tool for reducing uncertainty. Power and the ability to use it are essential to effective leadership.Strategic leaders who are uncomfortable with either the presence of great power in others or its use by themselves are probably going to fail their organizations at some point. The critical issue is why the leader seeks power and how it is used. Some see power as a tool to enhance their ability to facilitate the work of their organizations and groups. Others value power for its own sake, and exercise power for the personal satisfaction it brings. The re can be good and bad in both cases. However, the leader who uses power in the service of his/her organization is using power in the most constructive sense.The leader who seeks power for its own sake and for personal satisfaction is at a level of personal maturity that will compromise his/her ethical position, risk his/her organizations effectiveness, and perhaps even jeopardize the long-term viability of the organization(Jacobs 1996). Power competition exists at two levels. Individuals compete for power within agencies and organizations; agencies and organizations compete for power within the broader governmental context. The mechanics of power competition are much the same.In both cases, power accrues when an individual or an organization achieves control of a scarce commodity that others need. And in both cases, the operations are essentially political. Even when compelling physical force is the means, the mechanism is political. The scarce commodity is the means of inflicting harm on others. So dictators, by hook or by crook, gain a monopoly on the means for inflicting harm on others. During the course of the Cold War, the massive build-up of armaments was aimed at maintaining a balance of forces so as to prevent intimidation by either side.Even after Glasnost, the level of armaments on both sides was carefully negotiated so as to preclude imbalance that might tempt one side or the other toward risky moves. Power competition within an organization or agency is generally for resources- personnel spaces or funding, or both, in governmental agencies. And the basis for the competition can be constructive as well as destructive. If the top-level leadership is wise and capable, the basis for competition can be defined as meritorious performance of either individual or group. In that case, performance becomes the basis for determining who accumulates power.The process is still political, but it is also constructive because the organization as a whole benefits. So, the political process can be either destructive or constructive, depending on the resource to be accumulated, the means by which the competitors seek to accumulate it, and the value that accrues to all competitors by virtue of the competition. (Of course, competition based on performance, if conducted at such an extreme that human values or key norms governing competition are violated, may substantially hurt the organization in the long term). However, internal politics can also be detrimental in ways not readily apparent.Sub-units within agencies may develop objectives and goals at odds with those of the agency. For example, a given desk owes its stature in its own agency to the constituency needs it serves. An extremely important constituency is the nation it represents within its own agency and with which it deals. The desk therefore may find it valuable to promote the needs of that constituency over the needs of the agency by selling important positions or programs that bene fit the constituency-thereby unwittingly becoming co-opted and increasingly vulnerable to manipulation by that constituency.Organizations also play a political game. Organizations seek influence. Influence increases autonomy (freedom to control own assets); organizational morale (the ability to maintain cohesion and effectiveness); essence (sanctity of essential tasks and functions); roles and missions (exclusion of options that would challenge these); and budgets (increased roles and missions will always favor larger budgets) (Jefferies). To increase their own influence, agencies in government and other organizations will provide information, recommend options, and execute directives in ways that enhance their own self interest.Jefferies illustrates with the decision to send a U-2 reconnaissance aircraft to overfly the Cuban missile sites. The decision to send the U-2 was actually made 10 days before the flight occurred, but the implementation was delayed by the CIA-USAF struggle f or the mission. The CIA defined the mission as intelligence gathering and advanced the argument that it had a better U-2 than did the USAF. The USAF was concerned that the pilot be in uniform to avoid repetition of the Gary Powers crisis if the aircraft was shot down.The total mission delay came from five days to make the decision and five days to train an Air Force pilot to fly CIA U-2s. ) Because key leaders who form the centralized circle at the top of the policy making apparatus have different viewpoints, particularly with something as uncertain as strategic policy, they are obligated to fight for what they consider right. Thus, decision making is not a unitary process, but also a process of individuals in politics reacting to their own perceptions of national, organizational, and personal goals (Jefferies 1992).Because the scope and scale are too great for one person to master, the president must persuade in order to develop the consensus required for broad support of decision outcomes. (Those who wind up executing must be product champions for these decisions, or they are not likely to implement them. ) The president is also open to persuasion, because the various branches or agencies may also build power bases outside government or outside the executive branch.While our focus has been on establishing a legitimate context for understanding organizational politics, a countervailing view to the political frame is the rational frame of organizational decision making THE RATIONAL FRAME. By definition, rational processes are different from political processes. Rational decisions rest heavily on analytic process. An analytic process can be defined as one in which there are agreed-upon methods for generating alternative solutions to problems, and for assigning values to the benefits and costs expected from each of the alternatives.And sophisticated computational methods are readily available for calculating benefits/costs ratios once these values are assigned. The essence of rational process is the belief that, All good persons, given the same information, will come to the same conclusion. Those seeking to employ the rational process to the exclusion of political process thus seek open communication, perhaps through more than just formal (vertical) organizational channels.The rapid expansion of electronic mail systems that permits anyone in an organization to address anyone else probably rests on a rationality premise-that transcending organizational channels by allowing all members to address directly even the highest official will give that official more complete information and thus enable higher quality decisions. This is very difficult for some people to understand especially those with narcissistic power needs and maturity issues.There is also a trust assumption: that members can be trusted not to abuse the privilege and that high officials will not misuse the information. A political process would view valuable information as a co mmodity to be traded for influence (Jacobs). There is another important difference between rational and political views of appropriate operations both within and between organizations. The political frame does not depend on trust between persons. In the preceding example, both trust assumptions would be discounted as unrealistic.Trust in the probable future actions of coalition members is based on perception of gain to be expected from not violating agreements on which a coalition is based, for example. The intrinsic morality of being trustworthy is not particularly useful as a concept. Trust probably is not particularly a part of the rational frame, either, except that a strong rationalist believes in and trusts the logic of the process by which information is converted into decision outcomes. So a strong rationalist will trust others to be similarly logical.This leads to important postulates about rational communication within a system. For a rationalist, systems are information-c onsuming engines. Particularly at the strategic level, the unimpeded flow of information is crucial to the health of the system as a whole. However, politics and power dynamics strongly influence communication processes. To the extent organizations and the people in them are motivated by political gain and power dynamics, rational processes are inevitably shortchanged. POWER DYNAMICS AND THE RATIONAL FRAME. The National Security Strategy apparatus exists to support the formulation of policy and implementing strategy and thus presidential decision making. George writes insightfully about both the demands of these processes, and obstacles to their effective operation-particularly those attributable to bureaucratic politics. He comments that political scientists of an earlier generation were intrigued by the possibility that an overburdened executive might be able to divide his overall responsibilities into a set of more manageable subtasks to be assigned to specialized units of the organization.It was hoped and expected that division of labor and specialization within the organization, coupled with central direction and coordination, would enable the modern executive to achieve the ideal of rationality in policy making. He goes on to say that this hope has not been realized because: Some problems of large scale are not amenable to fragmentation. As an example, the task of central coordin ation and direction of foreign policy making has gotten steadily worse as the range, complexity, and scope of foreign policy problems has increased.The distinction between foreign and domestic policy has also eroded. George illustrates by noting that the deployment of US troops in Europe has implications for defense posture (DOD), balance of payments (Treasury), and U. S. relations with foreign nations (State). Such problems must be approached from a broader, holistic viewpoint, and there must be interaction among representatives of agencies with diverse viewpoints. This is prevented, however, by power competition within organizations, and between organizations and agencies within the government.As Jefferies puts it, individuals play politics within organizations, and organizations play the political game within the broader context. Rationalist guidelines for good policy making would include something like the following (George): get all the information needed for incisive and valid diagnosis of the proble/situation; identify all dimensions of value complexity so there can be balanced consideration of value priorities; identify a broad range of alternatives, considering uncertainties; take into account the policy implementation factor; and arrange for feedback information.In a politicized structure, the dynamics of organizational politics impacts all of these by giving a win-lose flavor to information-giving and position advancement. Thus, mixing organizational politics with a rational decision making process will likely lead to the following consequences: Each actor acquires information on its own policy issues and not those of others, thereby denying full, balanced information flow to the decision maker. Its own parochial interests and goals shape each actors participation in identification and evaluation of policy options. Oversimplification and rhetorical exaggeration distort policy debate (overstate benefits of own position and risks of opponents positions). Actors use their own bargaining advantage to manipulate the flow of advice to influence the executives choice of policy. Actors may arrange compromises (logrolling deals) among themselves to avoid presidential decisions that might be damaging to their perceived interests, thereby keeping policy issues from rising to the presidential level. Actors may seek to avoid an area, in order to avoid responsibility for it. Actors rely on policy routines and SOP that were previously developed, but which may not be appropriate for novel problems. Actors may be prevented from dealing incisively with foreign-policy issues by the time, energy, and attention expended on internal politics. As George points out, while the rational frame to organizational decision making may be highly desirable to most decision makers, it is not immune to political influences.The fact is there are politics involved in innovation and change and suc- cessful strategic leaders must be effective politicians. The higher one goes in organizations, the more use of organizational politics becomes an important social process; politics are often required to get important decisions implemented in complex systems (Pfeffer). NATURE OF STRATEGIC LEADER POWER A number of authors writing in Strivastvas Executive Power (1992) argue that power at the strategic organization level is manifested and executed through three fundamental elements: consensus, cooperation, and culture. An organization is high in consensus potential when it has the capacity to synthesize the commitment of multiple constituencies and stakeholders in response to specific challenges and aspirations. In this area, strategic leader pow er is derived from the management of ideas, the management of agreement, and the management of group and team decision making processes. Cooperative potential refers to an organizations capacity to catalyze cooperative interaction among individuals and groups.Power is employed by a strategic leader in the management of organization structures, task designs, resource allocation, and reward systems that support and encourage this behavior. Cultural/spiritual potential refers to a sense of timeless destiny about the organization, its role in its own area of endeavor as well as its larger role in its service to society. Strategic leaders use power in this area to manage and institutionalize organizational symbols, beliefs, myths, ideals and values. Their strategic aim is to create a strong culture that connects the destiny of the organization to the personal goals and aspirations of its members.Jacobs seminal work of general officer job requirements can be linked to the above conceptua l requirements for successfully acquiring and managing strategic leader power potential. His study of the work environment of general officers provides a context for looking at strategic performance requirements. He found three job demands consistently reported by the survey respondents. They were long-term vision, consensus building, and command team building. Although the road to power is open to those who wish to travel it, not all will distinguish themselves as master practitioners.What skills and attributes distinguish those strategic leaders who use power effectively from those who do not? INDIVIDUAL SKILLS AND ATTRIBUTES AS SOURCES OF POWER Pfeffers (1992) research and observations emphasize the following characteristics as being especially important for acquiring and maintaining strategic power bases: High energy and physical endurance is the ability and motivation to work long and often times grueling hours. Absent this attribute other skills and characteristics may not be of much value. Directing energy is the ability and skill to focus on a clear objective and to subordinate other interests to that objective. Attention to small details embedded in the objective is critical for getting things done. Successfully reading the behavior of others is the ability and skill to understand who are the key players, their positions and what strategy to follow in communicating with and influencing them. Equally essential in using this skill is correctly assessing their willingness or resistance to following the Strategic Leaders direction. Adaptability and flexibility is the ability and skill to modify ones behavior. This skill r equires the capacity to re-direct energy, abandon a course of action that is not working, and manage emotional or ego concerns in the situation. Motivation to engage and confront conflict is the ability and skill to deal with conflict in order to get done what you want accomplished. The willingness to take on the tough issues and challenges and execute a successful strategic decision is a source of power in any organization. Subordinating ones ego is the ability and skill to submerge ones ego for the collective good of the team or organization. Possessing this attribute is related to the characteristics of adaptability and flexibility. Depending on the situation and players, by exercising discipline and restraint an opportunity may be present to generate greater power and resources in a future scenario. The skills and attributes identified in the ICAF Strategic Leader Development Inventory are relevant not only to the work of strategic eaders but may contribute to the their overall capacity to acquire and use power effectively. These skills and attributes are grouped as conceptual skills and attributes and positive attributes.CONCEPTUAL SKILLS AND ATTRIBUTES. Professional Competence is one of the many ways leaders add value by grasping the essential nature of work to be done and providing the organizing guidance so it can be done quickly, efficiently, and well. Conceptual Flexibility is the capacity to see problems from multiple perspectives.It includes rapid grasp of complex and difficult situations as they unfold, and the ability to understand complex and perhaps unstructured problems quickly. It also includes tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. Future Vision reflects strategic vision, appreciation of long-range planning, and a good sense of the broad span of time over which strategic cause and effect play out. Conceptual Competence relates to conceptual flexibility in that both are essential for strategic vision. It has to do with the scope of a person s vision and the power of a persons logic in thinking through complex situations. Political Sensitivity is being skilled in assessing political issues and interests beyond narrow organizational interests. It means possessing the ability to compete in an arena immersed in the political frame to ensure that your organization is adequately resourced to support your stated organization interests and those of the nation. POSITIVE ATTRIBUTES. Interpersonal Competence is essential for effectiveness in influencing others outside your chain of command, or negotiating across agency lines. It suggests high confidence in the worth of other people, which is reflected in openness and trust in others. Empowering Subordinates goes beyond simple delegation of tasks and is crucial for creating and leading high performing organizations. It involves the personal capacity to develop meaningful roles for subordinates and then to encourage initiative in the execution of these roles. Team Performance Facilitation includes selecting good people in assembling a team, getting team members the resources to do a job, providing coordination to get tasks done and moving quickly to confront problem individuals. Objectivity is the ability to keep ones cool and maintain composure under conditions that might otherwise be personally threatening. Initiative/Commitment is the ability to stay involved and committed to ones work, get things done, be part of a team effort and take charge in situations as required. Understanding the character of strategic leader power and the requisite personal attributes and skills sets the stage for employing power effectively. We need to know more than the conceptual elements that constitute power in organizations at the strategic level.But, we need to know the strategies of how to use power effectively and to get things done. LEADING WITH POWER The acquisition and use of strategic leader power involves managing a sequential process that is described below:1. The first task is to decide what it is the leader is trying to achieve that necessitates the use of power.2. With the goal in mind, the leader must assess the patterns of dependence and interdependence among the key players and determine to what extent he or she will be successful in influencing their behavior. It is critical that the leader develop power and influence when the key players have expressed a differing point of view. It is important to remember there is more interdependence at the strategic level of the organization where task accomplishment is more complex.3. Getting things done means the leader should draw a political map of the terrain that shows the relative power of the various players to fully understand the patterns of dependence and interdependence. This involves mapping the critical organization units and sub-units and assessing their power bases. 4. This step is very important because a leader needs to determine how much power these units have to leverage influence either in support or opposition to their effort. For example, if a leader is proposing to introduce a consensus team decision making process in a joint interdependent environment, this implementation decision could change power relationships among the players. In this case, the leader needs to know the opposing players and the depth of their power bases. This move will likely require the mobilization of allies and the neutralization of resisters.5. Developing multiple power bases is a process connected to those personal attributes and skills previously discussed and to structural sources of power. Structural sources of power comes from the leaders creation and control over resources, location in communication and information networks, interpersonal connections with influential others, reputation for being powerful, allies or supporters, and the importance of leadi ng the right organization.6. Recognizing the need for multiple power bases and developing them is not enough.The strategic leader must have an arsenal of influence strategies and tactics that convert power and influence into concrete and visible results. Research on strategies and tactics for employing power effectively suggests the following range of influence tactics: (Allen, 1979, Bennis and Nanus, 1985, Blau, 1964, Kotter, 1985, 1978, Pfeffer, 1992, 1981, Salancik and Pfeffer, 1977) [pic] Framing/Reframing tactics establishes the context for analyzing both the decision and the action taken.By framing the context early in the process, the strategic leader is positioned to influence what looks reasonable or inappropriate in terms of language and the overall process for generating the decision itself. Framing and reframing decision making is an important tactic for influencing organizational behavior. This process sensitizes the leader to the context of organizational decision maki ng by increasing his or her self-awareness of history-the history of past relationships and past choices.Framing and reframing tactics thus give the leader the ability to set a context within which present and possible future decisions are evaluated, and an important perceptual lens that provides leverage for producing innovative ideas for getting things done. Interpersonal influence tactics recognizes that power and influence tactics are fundamental to living and operating in a world where organizations are characterized as interdependent social systems that require getting things done with the help of other people.A leader employing interpersonal influence tactics typically demonstrate behaviors that include: understanding the needs and concerns of the other person, managing constructive relationships with superiors, peers and subordinates, using active listening skills, asking probing questions to understand a countervailing power position, anticipating how individuals may respon d to ideas or information, thinking about the most effective means to influence the individual and crafting appropriate tactics to the needs and concerns of he other person, and maintaining a broad network of individual contacts. Timing tactics involve determining not only what to do but when to move out. These types of action include: initiating action first to catch your adversary unprepared, thereby establishing possible advantage in framing a context for action, using delay tactics to erode the confidence of proponents or opponents as it relates to setting priorities, allocating resources and establishing deadlines, controlling the agenda and order of agenda items to affect how decisions are made.The sequencing of agenda items is very critical where decisions are interdependent. Empowerment tactics create conditions where subordinates can feel powerful, especially those who have a high need for power. Leaders empower their followers and subordinates through a process that provi des direction, intellectual stimulation, emotional energy, developmental opportunities and appropriate rewards.Typical behaviors of a leader using these tactics include: high involvement and participation in the decision making process, modifying and adapting ones ideas to include suggestions from others, involving others in the strategy formulation and implementation process, looking for creative and innovative solutions that will benefit the total organization, and instilling confidence in those who will implement the solutions. Structural tactics can be employed to divide and dominate the opposition.They can be used to consolidate power by putting a leader or his or her subordinates and allies in a position to exercise more control over resources, information, and formal authority. Re-aligning organizational structure can also be used to co-op others to support a leaders ideas, initiatives and decisions. Effective employment of structural tactics is accomplished when leaders aggr essively use their formal power to consolidate, expand and control the organizational landscape. Logical persuasion tactics requires using logical reasons, facts, and data to influence others.Employment of a leaders expert power base can be used to support logical persuasion. Effective use of these tactics include the following behaviors: persuading others by emphasizing the strengths and advantages of their ideas, developing more than one reason to support ones position, using systems thinking to demonstrate the advantages of their approach, and preparing arguments to support their case. Bargaining tactics involve leader behaviors that attempt to gain influence by offering o exchange favors or resources, by making concessions, or by negotiating a decision that mutually advances the interests of all participants. These influence tactics are typically effective in a political environment involving opposing or resisting forces; when a leader is in a position to do something for anothe r individual or group; or when the collective interests of all can be served. Organizational mapping tactics focus the leaders sight on possible power-dependent and interdependent relationships. The critical task is to identify and secure the support of important people who can influence others in the organization.Leaders using these tactics will employ behaviors that include: determining which actors are likely to influence a decision, getting things done by identifying existing coalitions and working through them, garnering support by bringing together individuals from different areas of the organization, isolating key individuals to build support for a decision, linking the reputations of important players to the decision context and working outside formal organization channels to get the support of key decision makers. Impact leadership tactics include thinking carefully about the most profound, interesting or dramatic means to structure a decision situation to gain the support of others. Behaviors include: presenting ideas that create an emotional bond with others, using innovative and creative ways to present information or ideas, finding and presenting examples that are embedded in the political and cultural frames such as language, ceremonies and propitious events, and lastly, consistently demonstrating high energy and physical stamina in getting the job done. Visioning tactics demonstrate how a leaders ideas and values support the organizations strategic goals, beliefs and values. Leader behaviors in executing these tactics include: articulating ideas that connect the organizations membership to an inspiring vision of what the organization can become, appealing to organization core values or principles, linking the work of the organization to the leaders vision and broader goals, creating and using cultural symbols to develop both individual pride and team identity.Information and analysis tactics suggest that leaders in control of the facts and analy sis can exercise substantial influence. Leaders will use unobtrusive behaviors to disguise their true intention, which is to effectively employ influence tactics that seemingly appear rational and analytical. Facts and data are manipulated and presented to appear rational and help to make the use of power and influence less obvious. Another ploy used by leaders is to mobilize power by bringing in credible outside experts who can be relied on to support a given strategy and provide the answers they are expected to give.Lastly, under conditions of VUCA which characterizes strategic decision making, leaders will selectively advocate decision criteria that support their own interests and organizations. In these cases, leaders typically do what works best and make decisions based on criteria that are most familiar to them. Coercive tactics are the least effective in influencing strategic decisions. These tactics involve employing threats, punishment, or pressure to get others to do what a leader wants done.Typical leader behaviors include: using position power to demand obedient compliance or blind loyalty, making perfectly clear the costs and consequences of not playing the game, publicly abusing and reprimanding people for not performing, and punishing individuals who do not implement the leaders requests, orders or instructions. This chapter has addressed what strategies and tactics are required for leading with power at the highest organizational level. In a micro context, it is about managing power, which translates as being personally effective in knowing how to get things done and having the political will to do so.At a macro level, it means coping effectively with the strategic environment and dealing with innovation and organizational change. HOW POWER IS LOST In a general sense power is lost because organizations change and leaders dont. Organizational dynamics create complex conditions and different decision situations that require innovative and creative approaches, new skill sets and new dependent and interdependent relationships. Leaders who have learned to do things a specific way become committed to predictable choices and decision actions.They remain bonded and loyal to highly developed social networks and friendships, failing to recognize the need for change, let alone allocating the political will to accomplish it. Ultimately, power may be lost because of negative personal attributes that diminish a leaders capacity to lead with power effectively. The SLDI identifies a number of negative attributes that when linked to certain organizational dynamics will generate potential loss of power: Technically Incompetent describes leaders who lack the conceptual skills needed to develop vision and be proactive in managing organizational ch ange. Self-Serving/Unethical leaders abuse power and use it for their own self aggrandizement, take special privileges, and exploit peers and subordinates by taking credit for contributions done by others. Self-serving leaders contaminate the ethical climate by modeling power-oriented behavior that influence others to replicate their behavior. Over the long run, these leaders engender divisiveness and are not trusted. Micromangement of subordinates destroys individual and team motivation.Leaders who over-supervise their subordinates have strong control needs, are generally risk averse and lack conceptual understanding of power sharing and subordinate development. Arrogant leaders are impressed with their own self-importance, and talk down to both peers and subordinates thereby alienating them. If empowering others is about releasing purposeful and creative energy, arrogance produces a negative leadership climate that supresses the power needs of others. Arrogant leaders makes it alm ost impossible for subordinates to acquire power as a means to improve their own performance as well as to seek new ways to learn and grow. Explosive and Abusive leaders are likely to be hot reactors who use profanity excessively, have inadequate control of temper, and abuse subordinates. They may also lack the self-control required to probe for in-depth understanding of complex problems and so may consistently solve them at a superficial level. Explosive and abusive leaders may self-destruct repeatedly in coalition building and negotiating situations. Inaccessible leaders are out of touch with their subordinates particularly when they need access for assistance. Peers typically write the individual off. Leaders are generally inaccessible because they dont place great value on building interpersonal relationships, they may have weak interpersonal skills or they may be self-centered. CONCLUSIONS What are the key learning points in this chapter and what are the practical implications for strategic leaders and decision makers. Pfeffer has described learning about power most succinctly: it is one thing to understand powerhow to diagnose it, what are its sources, what are the strategies and tactics for its use, and how it is lost. It is quite another thing to use that knowledge in the world at largeIn corporations, public agencies, universities, and government, the problem is how to get things done, how to move forward, how to solve the many problems facing organizations of all sizes and types. Developing and exercising power require having both will and skill. It is the will that often seems to be missing. Leveraging Power and Politics in Strategic Decision Making: Practical Implications 1.